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Wetlands Science


Delineation of Wetlands
  • Munsell Color, Munsell Soil Color Charts
  • National Food Security Act Manual (includes NRCS delineation procedures)
  • National Wetlands Inventory Data Mapper 
  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Regional Supplements to the Corps Delineation Manual and Map of Regions for Supplements
  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wetlands Research Technical Report Y-87-1, Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual (1987) 
  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Wetland Plant List
  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Recognizing Wetlands
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Taxonomy (2d ed. 1999)









Types of Wetlands
  • L. Cowardin, et al., U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Classification of Wetlands and Deep-Water Habitats of the United States (1979)
  • Mark M. Brinson, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Technical Report WRP-DE-4, A Hydrogeomorphic Classification for Wetlands (Aug. 1993)
  • National Research Council. Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries 17 (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1995)
  • R. Daniel Smith, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Technical Report WRP-DE-9, An Approach for Assessing Wetland Functions Using Hydrogeomorphic Classification, Reference Wetlands, and Functional Indices (Oct. 1995)
  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrogeomorphic Approach for Assessing Wetlands Functions, Wetland Classifications
  • U.S. Army Corps, HGM Web Page 
  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HGM Guidebooks
  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, The National Action Plan to Implement the Hydrogeomorphic Approach to Assessing Wetland Functions, 62 Fed. Reg. 33607 (June 20, 1997)
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Bogs
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fens 
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Marshes
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Playa Lakes
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prairie Potholes
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Swamps
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Types of Wetlands ; Wetland Types 
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Vernal Pools 
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wetland Definitions 
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wet Meadows 
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wetlands Inventory 
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Fact Sheets on Deepwater Habitat Systems - Marine, Estuarine, Lacustrine, Riverine, and Palustrine 









Values and Functions of Wetlands
  • Association of State Wetlands Managers, The Compleat Wetlander: Wetlands - Nature’s Kidneys and Other Specialized Services (Feb. 23, 2010)
  • Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Wetland Ecosystem Services  
  • Institute for European Environmental Policy, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Water and Wetlands (2013)
  • ​U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,and U.S. Department of Commerce, 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife Associated Recreation (2011)
  • U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Coastal Hazards ​
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, America's Wetlands: Our Vital Link Between Land and Water 
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Connectivity Study
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-841-R-02-001, National Water Quality Inventory, 2000 Report (2002)
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Watershed Academy Webinars  
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Watershed Academy Web, Distance Learning Modules on Watershed Management, Wetland Functions and Values​
  • U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-O-206, Wetlands: Their Use and Regulation (Mar. 1984)  

Wetland Trends 
  • Dahl, T.E., U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wetlands Losses in the United States: 1780s to 1980s (1990)
  • Dahl, T.E. & C.E. Johnson, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States: Mid·1970s to Mid·l980s (1991)
  • Dahl, T.E., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States:1986 to 1997 (2000) 
  • Dahl, T.E., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States:1998 to 2004 (2005) 
  • Dahl, T.E., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States:2004 to 2009 (2011)
  • Office of the President, Council on environmental Quality, Conserving America’s Wetlands 2008: Four Years of Progress Implementing the President’s Goal (April 2008)
  • Julie M. Sibbing, National Wildlife Federation, Nowhere Near No Net Loss
  • Stedman, S. & T.E. Dahl, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Coastal Watersheds of the Conterminous United States:2004 to 2009 (2013) 
  • Stedman, S. & T.E. Dahl, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Coastal Watersheds of the Eastern United States:1998 to 2004  (2008)  
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Resources Inventory
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2007 Natural Resources Inventory: Wetlands (2013)
  • U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Status and Trends of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats in the Conterminous United States: 1950s to 1970s (Apr. 1983)
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Wetland Condition Assessment
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wetlands Protection: Partnering with Land Trusts